黑沙蒿根系抗拉特性及其与化学成分的关联性

[目的] 探讨根系抗拉特性与主要化学成分含量的关联性，以期充实根系固土力学特性研究以及提供矿区生态恢复和植物保护的理论支持。[方法] 以神东矿区广泛分布的多年生灌木黑沙蒿（Artemisia ordosica）为研究对象，利用TY8000伺服式强力机，研究1~4 mm径级直根段、含侧根分支处根段抗拉材料的力学特性并测定各径级的纤维素、半纤维素和木质素，研究根系材料力学及其与化学成分的关联性。[结果] ①随着根系直径增加，黑沙蒿直根段、含侧根分支处根段抗拉力增加，而抗拉强度和杨氏模量减小，且抗拉力、抗拉强度和杨氏模量都与根系直径呈幂函数关系。②直根段、含侧根分支处根段化学成分含量差异显著（p<0.05），平均化学成分含量为：半纤维素（31.69%，32.18%） > 木质素（28.42%，25.30%） > 纤维素（15.50%，15.35%）。③随着根系直径增加，直根段纤维素含量减小，半纤维素和木质素含量增加，而含侧根分支处根段纤维素含量减小，半纤维素和木质素含量无变化。④直根段抗拉强度、杨氏模量与纤维素极显著正相关（p<0.01），与半纤维素、木质素极显著负相关（p<0.01）。含侧根分支处根段抗拉强度、杨氏模量与纤维素极显著正相关（p<0.01），与半纤维素、木质素无相关性。[结论] 黑沙蒿根系抗拉特性与化学成分表现出一定的相关性，且纤维素是影响灌木根系材料力学特性的主要化学组分。     

Effect of organic amendment amount on soil nematode community structure and metabolic footprints in soybean phase of a soybean-maize rotation on Mollisols

It has been well documented that organic amendment affects soil nematode community structure. However, little is known about the effect of organic amendment amount on soil nematodes. To assess the effect of the amount of organic amendments on soil nematode community structure and metabolic activity, the community composition, abundance, and metabolic footprints of soil nematodes were determined in a long-term field experiment with various amounts of organic amendment in Northeast China. Fertilization treatments included an unfertilized control (CK), chemical fertilizer without manure amendment (OM₀), manure applied at 7.5 Mg ha^-1 plus chemical fertilizer (OM₁), and manure applied at 22.5 Mg ha^-1 plus chemical fertilizer (OM₂). A total of 46 nematode genera were found. Treatments with the largest amount of organic amendment had the smallest number of plant parasite genera (5), but a largest number of dominant genera (7). Soil nematodes, bacterivores, and fungivores were the most abundant in OM₂, followed by OM₁, and the lowest in OM₀ and CK. Organic amendment increased the enrichment index (EI), and the large amount of organic amendment increased the metabolic footprints of bacterivore (Baf) and fungivore (Fuf) and enrichment footprint (Ef). The relationships between Baf (or Fuf) and the increases in soil organic carbon (ΔSOC) and total nitrogen (ΔTN) were stronger than those of bacterivore (or fungivore) abundance with ΔSOC and ΔTN, except for the relationship between bacterivore abundance and ΔSOC. The EI and Ef were positively correlated with ΔSOC and ΔTN. These findings suggest that the amount of organic amendment affects soil nematode activity and function at entry levels in soil food web, and that metabolic footprints of soil nematodes may be better indicators than their abundances in assessing their relationships with soil nutrients.     

黄河三角洲不同土地利用类型土壤微观结构特征

黄河三角洲不同土地利用类型盐碱土微观结构的研究,对认识该地区盐碱土的工程性质和对滨海盐碱地治理具有重要意义。该研究结合粒度分析(particle size distribution,PSD)、X射线衍射(X-ray diffraction,XRD)、压汞(mercury intrusion porosimetry,MIP)和扫描电镜(scanning electron microscopy,SEM)方法,对3种不同土地利用类型盐碱土的微观结构进行定量分析,旨在揭示其微观特性,为黄河三角洲盐碱地治理提供微观理论依据。结果表明:不同土地利用类型下的土壤黏粒含量表现大小依次为农田、滩地、草地,而土壤孔隙度大小依次为草地、滩地、农田;农田、草地与滩地盐碱土矿物成分中,石英、方解石和钠长石等原生矿物占绝对优势,仅含少量黏土矿物,且农田黏土矿物含量远大于草地与滩地;草地与滩地盐碱土孔隙特征类似,两者在0.1≤孔隙直径<10μm范围内小孔隙与微孔隙占有绝对优势,而农田盐碱土以孔隙直径在<2μm范围内的微孔隙与超微孔隙为主。农田盐碱土由致密片状、扁平状结构与微裂隙构成,骨架颗粒间由黏土矿物胶结;草地盐碱土由紧密镶嵌的块状颗粒和架空孔隙构成,骨架颗粒间无胶结;滩地盐碱土由紧密堆积的粒状颗粒和粒间孔隙构成,骨架颗粒间无胶结。研究成果可提高对黄河三角洲不同土地利用类型盐碱土微观结构的认识,为滨海盐碱地的治理、利用和开发提供了微观尺度上的依据。     

河套盐碱地不同利用方式土壤盐碱化特征差异分析

为研究河套平原盐碱地在不同利用方式对土壤盐碱化特征分布的影响,通过野外调查取样和室内分析相结合的方法,对5种土地利用方式下(林地、农用地、牧草地、改良地、盐荒地)不同深度土壤剖面形态特征、可溶盐含量、盐分离子组成、总碱度、pH、碱化度等指标的变化规律进行了系统研究。结果表明:不同利用方式土壤剖面土体结构、颜色、根系分布、石灰性反应及碱化层分布均有明显差异;土壤剖面的可溶性盐、阴阳离子分布因土地利用方式不同而存在差异,牧草地和林地土壤剖面可溶性盐呈"橄榄"型、盐荒地和改良地呈"表聚"型、农用地呈"底聚"型;土壤pH、碱化度和总碱度在剖面中的分布特征基本一致,呈"S"型;经不同利用方式土壤的盐化程度和碱化程度均有所下降,与盐荒地相比,农用地盐碱化指标下降的最为显著(P0.05),其中0—20 cm土壤全盐量降至0.88 g/kg,pH降至7.83,总碱度、ESP降至0.17 cmol/kg和12.54%,表明苏打盐碱地经农用后更有利于土壤脱盐化过程和脱碱化过程;土壤全盐量、Ca~(2+)、Mg~(2+)、SO_4~(2-)、总碱度、pH可作为控制区域盐碱化的主要因子。研究结果为阐明河套平原盐碱地的盐碱化过程及盐碱化土壤利用模式提供技术参考。     

Application of urease inhibitor improves protein composition and bread‐baking quality of urea fertilized winter wheat

Background: Nitrogen losses is an economic problem for wheat production and a high risk to the environment. Therefore, improved N fertilizer management is a key to increasing the N efficiency and minimizing N losses. To increase N efficiency, enhanced fertilizers such as urea combined with urease inhibitor can be used. Aims: The aim of present study was to evaluate the effects of different N forms on grain storage protein subunits in winter wheat and to examine whether the observed changes correlate with parameters of baking quality. Methods: The investigation was performed over two consecutive years at two locations in Germany. Protein subunits were analyzed by SDS‐PAGE. Results: Protein concentrations were similarly increased after fertilization with ammonium nitrate and urea + urease inhibitor. Analysis of the individual storage protein fractions indicated that both fertilizers specifically enhanced ω‐gliadins and HMW glutenins, but the effect was more pronounced in the ammonium nitrate treatment. Application of urea + urease inhibitor had greater influence on the protein composition and resulted in higher specific baking volume as well as the best fresh keeping ability, in comparison with urea treatment. Conclusion: Considering that the urea + urease inhibitor treatment resulted in almost comparable improvements of NUE and baking quality, with the additional benefit of reduced N losses in combination with easy handling, urea + urease inhibitor can be recommended as a viable alternative to both urea alone and ammonium nitrate treatments. This opens up an opportunity for the reduction of N loss in wheat production when use of urea is preferred.     

灯盏花成分专用型种源评价与鉴定

收集和鉴定了云南省和贵州省共46份灯盏花种质资源,筛选出适合生产不同药品的成分专用型种源,为专用型品种选育提供参考。利用HPLC测定了灯盏花种源10种活性成分含量,相关分析阐明各成分含量间的相关性,聚类分析对种质资源进行分类。结果表明：16份灯盏花种源灯盏乙素（scutellarin, SE）含量在2.5%以上,是培育灯盏花素专用型品种的优良材料,其中4份种源同时含有高含量（>1.0%）的双咖啡酰奎宁酸酯（dicaffeoylquinic acids, diCQAs）,是培育灯盏细辛专用型品种的优良材料;同时,筛选出8份总黄酮（total flavonoids, TFs）含量高于3.5%的种源,适合选育总黄酮专用品种。相关性分析表明,SE含量与diCQAs和TFs含量均显著正相关,是灯盏花品质育种的标志性成分。聚类分析将灯盏花种源分为三大类,除1个种源的SE含量和diCQAs含量接近（第Ⅲ类）外,其他种源SE均占总活性成分的60%以上,其中第Ⅰ类为高TFs型种源,TFs占到总活性成分的80%以上,diCQAs占总成分的15%以下;第Ⅱ类为高diCQAs型种源,diCQAs占总成分的16.9%~28.9%,TFs占到总活性成分的80%以下。该结果表明灯盏花种源活性成分组成存在多种类型,为专用型品种选育提供了可能,灯盏乙素含量可以作为专用型种源筛选的首要指标。     

大鲵幼体蛋白质的需求量

为评定大鲵幼体对饲料蛋白质的需求量,以鱼粉为主要蛋白源配制6种蛋白质水平(干样基础)的实验饲料:D1(43.7%)、D2(47.1%)、D3(51.3%)、D4(55.7%)、D5(59.9%)和D6(64.4%),饲喂初始体质量为(20.99±0.15)g的大鲵幼体92 d。结果显示,①饲料蛋白质水平对大鲵增重率有显著影响,在D4组达到最大值,较D1组增加了276.4%,且全鲵蛋白质沉积率和肌肉RNA、RNA/DNA值、胃蛋白酶、H^+-K^+-ATPase、胰蛋白酶、脂肪酶和Na^+-K^+-ATPase、肝脏超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)均在D4组达到最佳,而肝脏和肠道丙二醛(MDA)在该组均达到最低;②随饲料蛋白质水平增加,肌肉粗蛋白线性增加,全鲵脂肪线性下降,全鲵水分和粗灰分在各组间差异不显著,全鲵粗蛋白先增加后趋于稳定,在D4组达到最大;③大鲵皮肤胶原蛋白含量在D4组达到最高,较D1组增加了27.83%。研究表明,以增重率、肌肉RNA/DNA值、蛋白质沉积率和皮肤胶原蛋白含量为评价指标,通过二次回归方程分析得到大鲵幼体饲料的最适蛋白质水平为55.9%~58.3%(干样基础),该饲料蛋白质水平能显著提高大鲵幼体胃的泌酸能力、机体消化吸收和抗氧化能力,增加鲵体营养素的沉积,从而促进生长和饲料的转化;而低蛋白质水平饲料显著抑制大鲵的生长。     

赤点石斑鱼与鞍带石斑鱼杂交子一代肌肉营养成分分析与评价

为分析赤点石斑鱼与鞍带石斑鱼杂交子一代的营养组成,参照国家标准,测定了体质量(182.84±29.35) g杂交石斑鱼肌肉的常规营养成分、氨基酸和脂肪酸组成,并对肌肉营养价值进行了评定。试验结果显示,杂交石斑鱼肌肉水分、粗蛋白、粗脂肪和灰分的含量分别为(74.07±0.71)%、(21.52±0.78)%、(4.03±0.15)%和(1.29±0.07)%。肌肉鲜样中测定了17种氨基酸,总量为(19.88±0.15)%;必需氨基酸和鲜味氨基酸总量分别为(8.64±0.13)%和(7.64±0.16)%,必需氨基酸指数为85.19,必需氨基酸组成符合联合国粮农组织/世界卫生组织标准。肌肉鲜样中含有17种脂肪酸,饱和脂肪酸、单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸分别占肌肉脂肪酸总量的(27.63±1.15)%、(22.75±1.22)%和(32.59±1.90)%,其中二十二碳六烯酸和二十碳五烯酸占肌肉脂肪酸总量的(19.27±1.27)%。研究表明,赤点石斑鱼与鞍带石斑鱼杂交子一代具有较高营养价值,可作为新品种进行开发。     

豆粕对乌鳢肠道菌群组成及微生物氨基酸代谢酶活性的影响

为研究豆粕替代鱼粉对乌鳢生长、肠道菌群组成和微生物相关氨基酸代谢酶活性的影响,分别用豆粕替代0、25%、50%和75%的鱼粉配制4组等氮等能的饲料饲喂初始体质量为(8.65±0.25)g的幼鱼(分别命名为G1、G2、G3和G4组),养殖实验在室内纤维玻璃钢桶中进行,实验周期为21 d。结果显示,各组间幼鱼成活率无显著性差异;G4组乌鳢幼鱼的生长性能显著低于G1和G2组,而G3组幼鱼生长性能与其余3组差异不显著。厚壁菌门在G1和G2组乌鳢肠道中的比例显著高于G3组,且在G4组中的比例最低;变形菌门在G1和G2组中的比例显著低于G3和G4组;G4组中乳球菌属、杆菌属、假单胞菌属、链球菌属、芽孢杆菌属和不动杆菌属的比例显著低于其余3组。另外,G4组幼鱼肠道微生物谷丙转氨酶、腺苷脱氨酶活性显著高于其余3组,而G1组乳酸脱氢酶的活性最高。研究表明,豆粕替代鱼粉除了对乌鳢幼鱼的生长产生影响外,也显著影响了肠道微生物组成及微生物相关氨基酸代谢酶的活性,本研究结果对于从微生态角度进一步理解豆粕在乌鳢配合饲料中的应用提供了理论依据和参考。